Polygon's technical lead explains what to expect from zkEVM

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The Ethereum ecosystem is about to witness one of many hottest blockchain traits this yr, with quite a few corporations keen to use Polygon’s upcoming zkEVM rollup. <h2>What are zero-knowledge proofs?</h2> Zero-knowledge (ZK) expertise is a cryptographic answer reshaping the blockchain trade. They execute languages and low-level bytecode at a programmable stage, backed by the identical guidelines because the Ethereum mainnet. It's a digital machine that makes use of zero-knowledge proofs to confirm information with out revealing any details about the information’s content material or properties. It's a censorship-resistant protocol replicating the transaction execution surroundings of the Ethereum mainnet. Vitalik Buterin, the founding father of Ethereum, <a target="_blank" href="https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/08/04/zkevm.html?ref=panther-protocol-blog" rel="noopener">categorized</a> zkEVMs into 4 major sorts and a fifth. Right here is his breakdown of those sorts.T <ol> <li>Kind-1 zkEVMs: absolutely equal to Ethereum</li> <li>Kind-2 zkEVMs: EVM (not Ethereum) equivalence</li> <li>Kind-3 zkEVMs: departing from EVM</li> <li>Kind-4 zkEVMs: shut cousins to the EVM</li> </ol> <figure id="attachment_305420" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-305420" class="wp-caption aligncenter amp-wp-b5524f8" data-amp-original-style="width: 856px"><amp-img class="wp-image-305420 size-full amp-wp-enforced-sizes i-amphtml-layout-intrinsic i-amphtml-layout-size-defined" src="https://cryptoslate.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/xa5M7X-NLz-VP8eNx4j9vejNo_Cw13x3_f6dokqbBoTa_GrTzDC9iZH7cFhEMKqLdsAc4ZF8Gn_o2jz-ixeY88MV5rowbn1lXOCxWfA5uIAVibJKO3_fH2dHHZ7H8X6xV6yI3wfzqTvVPFJT8yd8gqjAM9zvdlX7wuyR0fA8aU4F9Jx3_43h3xlBkA9GEg.png" alt="zkEVM types comparison by Vitalik" width="856" height="631" srcset="https://cryptoslate.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/xa5M7X-NLz-VP8eNx4j9vejNo_Cw13x3_f6dokqbBoTa_GrTzDC9iZH7cFhEMKqLdsAc4ZF8Gn_o2jz-ixeY88MV5rowbn1lXOCxWfA5uIAVibJKO3_fH2dHHZ7H8X6xV6yI3wfzqTvVPFJT8yd8gqjAM9zvdlX7wuyR0fA8aU4F9Jx3_43h3xlBkA9GEg.png 856w, https://cryptoslate.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/xa5M7X-NLz-VP8eNx4j9vejNo_Cw13x3_f6dokqbBoTa_GrTzDC9iZH7cFhEMKqLdsAc4ZF8Gn_o2jz-ixeY88MV5rowbn1lXOCxWfA5uIAVibJKO3_fH2dHHZ7H8X6xV6yI3wfzqTvVPFJT8yd8gqjAM9zvdlX7wuyR0fA8aU4F9Jx3_43h3xlBkA9GEg-300x221.png 300w, https://cryptoslate.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/xa5M7X-NLz-VP8eNx4j9vejNo_Cw13x3_f6dokqbBoTa_GrTzDC9iZH7cFhEMKqLdsAc4ZF8Gn_o2jz-ixeY88MV5rowbn1lXOCxWfA5uIAVibJKO3_fH2dHHZ7H8X6xV6yI3wfzqTvVPFJT8yd8gqjAM9zvdlX7wuyR0fA8aU4F9Jx3_43h3xlBkA9GEg-768x566.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 856px) 100vw, 856px" layout="intrinsic" disable-inline-width="" i-amphtml-layout="intrinsic"><i-amphtml-sizer slot="i-amphtml-svc" class="i-amphtml-sizer"><img alt="" aria-hidden="true" class="i-amphtml-intrinsic-sizer" role="presentation" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBoZWlnaHQ9IjYzMSIgd2lkdGg9Ijg1NiIgeG1sbnM9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzIwMDAvc3ZnIiB2ZXJzaW9uPSIxLjEiLz4="/></i-amphtml-sizer><noscript><img src="https://cryptoslate.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/xa5M7X-NLz-VP8eNx4j9vejNo_Cw13x3_f6dokqbBoTa_GrTzDC9iZH7cFhEMKqLdsAc4ZF8Gn_o2jz-ixeY88MV5rowbn1lXOCxWfA5uIAVibJKO3_fH2dHHZ7H8X6xV6yI3wfzqTvVPFJT8yd8gqjAM9zvdlX7wuyR0fA8aU4F9Jx3_43h3xlBkA9GEg.png" alt="zkEVM types comparison by Vitalik" width="856" height="631" srcset="https://cryptoslate.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/xa5M7X-NLz-VP8eNx4j9vejNo_Cw13x3_f6dokqbBoTa_GrTzDC9iZH7cFhEMKqLdsAc4ZF8Gn_o2jz-ixeY88MV5rowbn1lXOCxWfA5uIAVibJKO3_fH2dHHZ7H8X6xV6yI3wfzqTvVPFJT8yd8gqjAM9zvdlX7wuyR0fA8aU4F9Jx3_43h3xlBkA9GEg.png 856w, https://cryptoslate.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/xa5M7X-NLz-VP8eNx4j9vejNo_Cw13x3_f6dokqbBoTa_GrTzDC9iZH7cFhEMKqLdsAc4ZF8Gn_o2jz-ixeY88MV5rowbn1lXOCxWfA5uIAVibJKO3_fH2dHHZ7H8X6xV6yI3wfzqTvVPFJT8yd8gqjAM9zvdlX7wuyR0fA8aU4F9Jx3_43h3xlBkA9GEg-300x221.png 300w, https://cryptoslate.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/xa5M7X-NLz-VP8eNx4j9vejNo_Cw13x3_f6dokqbBoTa_GrTzDC9iZH7cFhEMKqLdsAc4ZF8Gn_o2jz-ixeY88MV5rowbn1lXOCxWfA5uIAVibJKO3_fH2dHHZ7H8X6xV6yI3wfzqTvVPFJT8yd8gqjAM9zvdlX7wuyR0fA8aU4F9Jx3_43h3xlBkA9GEg-768x566.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 856px) 100vw, 856px"/></noscript></amp-img><figcaption id="caption-attachment-305420" class="wp-caption-text">(Supply: Ethereum weblog)</figcaption></figure> “The challenge is a full engineering challenge,” mentioned Jordi Baylina, who leads the technical crew constructing the Polygon zkEVM. “The thought is that with these electronics, we one way or the other constructed a processor. On prime of that, a program will be written that processes transactions. It’s a full stack of elements with totally different groups working in every of those layers in these stacks.” In a YouTube <a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sIbw5qqiXFk&ab_channel=Superfluid" rel="noopener">video</a> launched Mar. 2, Baylina defined the technical elements behind the rollout, “the system that we're constructing is censorship resistant. It’s not an ideal answer, however as much as a sure level as a result of the system shouldn't be common.” <blockquote>“We created the meeting itself. It’s a new processor, new meeting, new approach of writing {hardware}. So it’s like you are creating a expertise, however at the similar time you want to study to use the expertise you are creating, which is, from the generic perspective is fascinating, however it’s additionally very difficult.”</blockquote> <h2>Technical particulars</h2> With the zkEVM rollup, an ERC-20 switch will outline distinctive information infrastructures comparable to ProgramCounter, GlobalCounter, EVMWord, GasInfo, and GasCost, which embrace and include components comparable to stack, reminiscence, and opcodes. The computer and gc are encapsulated to usize, whereas EVMWord encapsulates a u8 array with a size of 32. Whereas StackAddress is represented as a usize, Stack is a dynamic array consisting of EVMWord. MemoryAddress can be a usize, with values between 0 and 1023, whereas Reminiscence is an array of u8. To simplify memory-related operations, builders cleverly make the most of Rust macros to extract essential reminiscence data comparable to index and vary traits and implement them standardized. Alternatively, Storage is represented by a HashMap, and its key values are all EVMWord. <h2>The race for zkEVM supremacy</h2> The race is on to hit the market with a working product. A number of initiatives are in a race to launch the primary absolutely useful and EVM-equivalent zkEVM, with a few of the prime contenders being Polygon zkEVM, zkSync, StarkNET, and Scroll. Polygon zkEVM’s is open-source and goals to chop transaction prices by as much as 90%, whereas zkSync 2.0 is dwell on the Ethereum Testnet, permitting builders to write down Solidity sensible contracts. StarkNET makes use of ZK-STARKs, that are safer however have limitations, and Scroll is constructing a excessive composability answer that prioritizes safety and transparency. <h2>Polygon’s $250M wager on zkEVM</h2> Polygon bought the Hermez Community for $250 million in 2021 and later launched its Ethereum Layer-2 ZK-rollup answer, Polygon Hermez, in mid-2022. In July 2022, Polygon introduced the rebranding of Polygon Hermez to Polygon zkEVM, which adopted the Kind-2 zkEVM strategy to be EVM-equivalent however not Ethereum-equivalent. Builders might want to adapt code and EVM instruments to the ZK-rollup. Polygon goals to succeed in 2000 transactions per second and lower transaction prices by as much as ninety %, making it inexpensive than the Ethereum Mainnet. Polygon launched its zkEVM Public Testnet on October 10.

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